Behavioral Potential and Memory for Verbal Folklore a Component of Folkloric Behavior
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract
Psychological theories are of critical importance for understanding traditions, especially folk oral traditions, and narration. Since the mid-1950s until 2001 the situation concerning learning theories has not (my Ital.) changed in any significant manner as stated by Purdy, Jesse E. [(et al.)], Learning and Memory (second ed. Wadsworth: 2001). Regarding long-term memory, it is summarized that required for the continuity of Märchen, it is stated: “In contrast to short-memory, long-term memory is thought of as a system or set of systems that stores memories with retention intervals up to entire lifetime of 70 or 80 years. …”. (p. 5, cf. p. 116).
Nowadays, the Märchen seems to have vanished from active taletelling (at least in countries where their narratives generated Märchen theory). Stith Thompson, who established the Motif-Index a folklore department the home of the Motif-Index of Folk-Literature is virtually never used. Consequently, this paper concludes with the following verified findings::
Reward and expectancy of reward play a decisive role in acquiring new responses and modes of behavior. They strengthen responses, helping to crystallize them into habits. At the same time, punishment, and the drive to avoid punishment are responsible for the inability to learn and acquire new, punished responses and for the inhibition, (as stated by Berlo, David K. The Process of Communication, (New York, 1961, pp. 98-99). Meanwhile, suppression and repression of habitual, punished responses are influenced by reward, while punishment determine an individual's `behavior potential’ at a certain time and under given circumstances. (Rotter, J.B. Social Learning and Clinical Psychology, (New York, 1954).
In the discussion that follows we will be concerned mainly with the learning of folkloric responses and the acquiring of folkloric behavior on an individual basis; as well as consider folklore learning on a communal basis, as it occurs in cohesive societies /(communities).
Downloads
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 El-Shamy H.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licensing and protecting the author rights is the central aim and core of the publishing business. Peertechz dedicates itself in making it easier for people to share and build upon the work of others while maintaining consistency with the rules of copyright. Peertechz licensing terms are formulated to facilitate reuse of the manuscripts published in journals to take maximum advantage of Open Access publication and for the purpose of disseminating knowledge.
We support 'libre' open access, which defines Open Access in true terms as free of charge online access along with usage rights. The usage rights are granted through the use of specific Creative Commons license.
Peertechz accomplice with- [CC BY 4.0]
Explanation
'CC' stands for Creative Commons license. 'BY' symbolizes that users have provided attribution to the creator that the published manuscripts can be used or shared. This license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to the author.
Please take in notification that Creative Commons user licenses are non-revocable. We recommend authors to check if their funding body requires a specific license.
With this license, the authors are allowed that after publishing with Peertechz, they can share their research by posting a free draft copy of their article to any repository or website.
'CC BY' license observance:
|
License Name |
Permission to read and download |
Permission to display in a repository |
Permission to translate |
Commercial uses of manuscript |
|
CC BY 4.0 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
The authors please note that Creative Commons license is focused on making creative works available for discovery and reuse. Creative Commons licenses provide an alternative to standard copyrights, allowing authors to specify ways that their works can be used without having to grant permission for each individual request. Others who want to reserve all of their rights under copyright law should not use CC licenses.
Lüthi M. Es war Enma. Göttingen.1964;19.
Lüthi M. Das Märchen. Stuttgart. 1962;81.
Sherif M. Social psychology. In: Koch S, editor. Psychology: A Study of a Science. Vol. 6: Investigation of Man as Socious: Their Place in Psychology and Social Sciences. New York. 1963;30–93.
Drever J. A Dictionary of Psychology. Baltimore (MD): 1964;118.
Dewey J. Reconstruction in Philosophy. Boston: 1962. Originally published 1920. p. 194. See also: Dewey J. Human Nature and Conduct. New York: 1930;134–139.
Hill WF. Learning: A Study of Psychological Interpretations. San Francisco: 1963; 58.
Young PT. Motivation and Emotion: A Survey of the Determinants of Human and Animal Activity. New York:1961;235. Available from: https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Motivation-Emotion-Survey-Determinants-Human-Animal/30203770105/bd
Thorndike EL. The Psychology of Learning. New York: [publisher not specified]; 1913;2. Available from: https://gwern.net/doc/psychology/spaced-repetition/1921-thorndike-educationalpsychology-v2-thepsychologyoflearning.pdf
Hilgard ER. Theories of Learning. 21–22.
Carr HA. The Law of Effect: A Round Table Discussion. Psychol Rev. 1938;45:191–199.
Thorndike EL. Reward and Punishment in Animal Learning. Comparative Psychological Monograph. 1932;8:58. Available from: https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Reward_and_Punishment_in_Animal_Learning.html?id=9B406n7D24AC
Thorndike EL. New York: 1935;135–144, 248–255.
Hilgard ER. Theories of Learning. New York: [publisher not specified]; 1948, 1956; 30. Available from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.197025
Estes WK. An Experimental Study of Punishment. Comparative Psychological Monograph. 1944;57(263). Available from: https://search.worldcat.org/title/experimental-study-of-punishment/oclc/4915122
Solomon RL, Wynne LC. Traumatic avoidance learning: The principles of anxiety conservation and partial irreversibility. Psychol Rev. 1954;81:353–385.
Dinsmoor JA. Punishment II: An interpretation of empirical findings. Psychol Rev. 1955;62:96–105.
Estes WK. An experimental study of punishment. Psychol Monogr. 1944;57(3):i–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093550
McGeoch JA, Irion AL. In: Quoting Thorndike’s 1931 statement: "A number of ... specifications have been attempted," and "the best known, perhaps, being that of Thorndike (1931)."
Ibid. 239–240.
Wissler C. Man and Culture. New York: 1923; 208–209. Available from: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.5924
Kroeber A. Anthropology. New York: 1923;329. Available from: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/71827
Murdock GP. Uniformities in culture. 366.
Kluckhohn C. The educational process. In: Goldschmidt W, editor. Exploring the Ways of Mankind. New York: [publisher not specified]; 1960;185. Extracted from: Kluckhohn C. Mirror for Man. New York:1949.
Lessa WA. Divining from knots in the Carolines. J Polyn Soc. 1955;68:188–204.
Thompson S. The Folktale. 449.
Berze Nagy. Quoted and translated by Dégh L. Some questions on the social function of storytelling. 113.
Miller NE, Dollard J. Social Learning and Imitation. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press; 1941;30.
Rotter JB. Social Learning and Clinical Psychology. New York: Prentice-Hall; 1954. Available from: https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1209791
Bandura A, Walters RH. Social Learning and Personality Development. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 1964;11.
Cottrell F. Energy and Society. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1955.
Berlo. The Process of Communication. 98.
Schramm W. "How Communication Works." In: The Process and Effects of Mass Communication, ed. Wilbur Schramm (Urbana, Ill., 1954);19.
Ibid.
Ibid. 98
Taylor A. The Proverb. Hatboro (PA): Folklore Associates; 1962;3.
Von Sydow CW. Selected Papers on Folklore. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger; 1948;15.
Eberhard W. Minstrel Tales from Southeastern Turkey. Folklore Studies, No. 5. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press; 1955;9. Available from: https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Minstrel_Tales_from_Southeastern_Turkey.html?id=-_Kk63Ut7bUC&redir_esc=y
Ibid;57.
Lord A. The Singer of Tales. New York: Atheneum; 1965. Originally published 1960; 15. Available from: https://chs.harvard.edu/read/lord-albert-bates-the-singer-of-tales/
Dorson RM. Buying the Wind: Regional Folklore in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1964;11.
O’Sullivan S. In: Four Symposia on Folklore. Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Folklore Series, No. 8; 1953;14.
Berlo DK. The Process of Communication. 98–99.